It was Henry Ford, not Kaiser Bill, who was responsible for the decline of the distinctive German dialects spoken by immigrants and their descendants in five Kansas and Missouri settlements during the 20th century.
That has been University of Kansas researcher William Keel’s thesis for the decades he has studied and documented these nonstandard-German speakers. You couldn’t keep their youngsters down on the farm after Ford’s automobile came to the isolated agricultural settlements that had been established in the mid-19th century.
It was that, far more than any anti-German sentiment in the aftermath of World War I, that led to the decline of these linguistically distinctive communities, Keel says, and so he argues in a chapter of a book published last year, “Contemporary Language Contacts in the Context of Migration” (Winter publishing, Heidelberg, Germany).
The exception to the rule is the increasing population of speakers of Pennsylvania German in Kansas: Old Order Amish. They shun the automobile and remain in rural isolation.
Keel, professor of Germanic languages and literatures, has been studying - interviewing, recording and writing about - these communities since the 1980s. He and his students have published online the Linguistic Atlas of Kansas German Dialects, where the settlements are mapped out and sound samples of native speakers are preserved.
In his article, Keel profiles the following groups, sketching their migratory history, landmarks and distinctive communal features, often involving religion:
* Saxon Lutherans in Eastern Perry County, Missouri
* North German Lutherans in Concordia, Lafayette County, Missouri
* Horseshoe Creek Lutherans in Marshall and Washington counties, Kansas
* Volga-German Catholics in Schoenchen, Ellis County, Kansas
* Herndon Hungarian-Germans in Rawlins County, Kansas
In each case, the decline in language usage followed a similar, generational pattern, until today there are only a few hundred fluent speakers of these dialects in the two states.
“There were maybe 5,000 Volga German speakers in Ellis County in the 1980s,” Keel said. “Today, there are a few hundred.”
Interestingly, Keel said, the 21st century has seen the growth of one other pocket of German-speaking immigrants - by way of Poland, Ukraine, Canada and Mexico, believe it or not - in southwest Kansas, who have been attracted by jobs in feedlots and meatpacking.
“They speak a variety of Low German called ‘Plautdietsch,’” Keel said. “There are maybe 3,000 to 5,000 German-speaking Mennonites in southwest Kansas. It impacts the school system, with requirements for English as a Second Language courses. It also affects the Kansas statewide health program for farm workers.”
Keel gave his “Henry Ford vs. Kaiser Bill” talk April 20 in Indianapolis as the keynote address at the 42nd Annual Symposium of the Society for German-American Studies. He is also publishing a forthcoming article about the German-speaking community of Victoria, Kansas, in an anthology on “Varieties of German Worldwide.”